THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT(CLASSICAL , MODERN THEORIES)

                       1- CLASSICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY

(A) scientific Management Approach :- this concept is based on planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization , specialization and simplification . this approach to increased productivity.

Taylor (1947) proposed four principle of scientific management in 1909, taylor published ''the principle of scientific management in this he proposed that the optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would increase .

1) Science not  rule of thumb 

2) Harmony not discord

3) mental revolution 

4) Cooperation not individualism

5) Development of every person to his greatest efficiency

1) functional foremanship:- This principle is based on division of work  . there are eight foreman in the process of planning and production 

Role of foreman under planning :-

-Instruction card clerk:- instructions for workers

-Route clerk- specifying the route for production

-Time and cost clerk:- preparation of time and cost sheet 

- Disciplinarian:- follow discipline

Under production :-

-Speed boss:- Timely and accurate completion of job

-Gang boss:- keeping machines and tools ready

-Repair boss:- proper working conditions of machines

-Inspectors:- checking the quality work

2) Standardisation and simplification of work :-

- Standardisation of work :- setting standards for every business activities

- Simplification of work - saving cost of labour

3) Methods study:-  know the best method of doing the job

4) Motion study :-eliminates useless motion and find out  the best method of doing a job

5) Time study:- standard time required to  complete a particular activity

6) Fatigue study :- maintain the efficiency level of workers

7) Differential piece wage system:- it rewards the efficient workers and motivates the less efficient ones to improve their performance.

Modern management theory:

- Contingency theory- Also known as situational approach. This theory suggests that the action must be on the basis of situation than universality 

- System theory- According to this theory an organisation is a dynamic and interrelated set of parts. Each part represents a department or sub system 

- Quantitative theory- It simply means the application of scientific methods to solve the problems. It's also known as operations research theory 

- Operational theory- In this the management process is considered as a set of management functions which distinguishes managers from non-managers 

- Empirical theory- It is also known as case study and is developed by Earnest dayol, it studies the experiences of practicing manager and previous managers