LOGICAL REASONING

 

1. Choose the proper alternative given in the code to replace the question mark.

Cow – Milk

Bee – Honey

Teacher – ?

Code:

(1) Marks

(2) Discipline

(3) Wisdom

(4) Lesson

Answer: (3)

 2. Among the following, two statements are related in such a way that if one becomes undetermined, the other will also be undetermined. Select the code that refers to these two statements.

Statements:

(i) Every fruit is nutritious.

(ii) Fruits are hardly nutritious.

(iii) Fruits are mostly nutritious.

(iv) Some food items are nutritious.

Code:

(1) (i) and (ii)

(2) (ii) and (iii)

(3) (iii) and (iv)

(4) (i) and (iv)

Answer: (1)

 3. Given below are two premises (a) and (b). Four conclusions are drawn from them.

Select the code that embodies validly drawn conclusion(s) (taking the premises individually or jointly).

Premises:

(a) All saints are noble.

(b) Some religious men are saints.

Conclusions:

(i) Some religious men are noble.

(ii) All religious men are noble.

(iii) Some saints are religious men.

(iv) All noble persons are saints.

Code:

(1) (i) and (ii)

(2) (ii) and (iii)

(3) (i) and (iii)

(4) (i) and (iv)

Answer: (3)

 4. Which one is not correct in the context of deductive and inductive reasoning?

(1) A deductive argument makes the claim that its conclusion is supported by its premises conclusively.

(2) A valid deductive argument may have all false premises and true conclusion.

(3) An inductive argument claims the probability of its conclusion.

(4) An inductive argument cannot provide us any new information about matters of fact.

Answer: (4)

 5. When the purpose of the definition is to explain some established use of a term, the definition is called

(1) Stipulative

(2) Lexical

(3) Persuasive

(4) Theoretical

Answer: (2)

 6. Superiority of intellect depends upon its power of concentration on one theme in the same way as a concave mirror collects all the rays that strike upon it into one point.

(1) Mathematical

(2) Psychological

(3) Analogical

(4) Deductive

Answer: (3)

 7. Given below are two premises (A and B). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that states validity drawn conclusion (s) (taking the premises individually or jointly). Premises:

(A) Most of the dancers are physically fit.

(B) Most of the singers are dancers.

Conclusions:

(a) Most of the singers are physically fit.

(b) Most of the dancers are singers.

(c) Most of the physically fit persons are dancers.

(d) Most of the physically fit persons are singers.

Code:

(1) (a) and (b)

(2) (b) and (c)

(3) (c) and (d)

(4) (d) and (a)

Answer: (2)

 8. Which one among the following is a presupposition in inductive reasoning?

(1) Law of identity

(2) Unchangeability in nature

(3) Harmony in nature

(4) Uniformity of nature

Answer: (4)

 9. If the proposition ‘domestic animals are hardly ferocious’ is taken to be false, which of the following proposition/propositions can be claimed to be certainly true? Select the correct code:

Propositions:

(a) All domestic animals are ferocious.

(b) Most of the domestic animals are ferocious.

(c) No domestic animal is ferocious.

(d) Some domestic animals are non-ferocious.

Code:

(1) (a) and (b)

(2) (a) only

(3) (c) and (d)

(4) (b) only

Answer: (1)

 10. Which one of the following statements is not correct in the context of Venn diagram method?

(1) It is a method of testing the validity of arguments.

(2) It represents both the premises of a syllogism in one diagram.

(3) It requires two overlapping circles for the two premises of a standard-form categorical syllogism.

(4) It can be used to represent classes as well as propositions.

Answer: (3)

 11. Just melting ice-cubes do not change a glass of water to overflow. Melting sea – ice does not increase change volume. What type of argument is it?

(1) Hypothetical

(2) Psychological

(3) Statistical

(4) Analogical

Answer: 4

 12. Given below are four statements. Among them, two are related in such a way that they can both be true but they cannot both be false. Select the code that indicates those two statements:

Statements:

(a) Honest people never suffer.

(b) Almost all honest people do suffer.

(c) Honest people hardly suffer.

(d) Each and every honest person suffers.

Code:

(1) (a) and (c)

(2) (a) and (d)

(3) (b) and (c)

(4) (a) and (b)

Answer: (3)

 13. It is Truism to say that no one was there when life first appeared on earth. Any assertion about life’s origin thus, should be treated as a theory.

The above two statements constitute:

(1) A narrative

(2) An argument

(3) A conjecture

(4) A historical explanation

Answer: (2)

 14. A deductive argument is invalid if:

(a) Its premises and conclusion are all false

(b) Its premises are all false but its conclusion is true.

(c) Its premises are all true but its conclusion is false.

(d) Its premises and conclusion are all true.

Answer: (3)

 15. Given below are two premises (a and b), from those two premises four conclusions (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are drawn. Select the code that states the conclusion/conclusions drawn validity (taking the premises singularly or jointly).

Premises:

(a) All bats are mammals.

(b) No birds are bats.

Conclusions:

(i) No birds are mammals.

(ii) Some birds are not mammals.

(iii) No bats are birds.

(iv) All mammals are bats.

Code:

(1) (i) and (ii) only

(2) (iii) only

(3) (iii) and (iv) only

(4) (i) only

Answer: (2)

 16. Just melting ice-cubes do not causes a glass of water to overflow, melting sea – ice does not increase ocebic volume. What type of argument is it?

(1) Hypothetical

(2) Psychological

(3) Statistical

(4) Analogical

Answer: (4)

 17. Among the following, identify the continuous type of data:

(1) Number of languages a person speaks

(2) Number of children in a household

(3) Population of cities

(4) Weight of students in a class

Answer: (4)

 18. Given below are some characteristics of reasoning. Select the code that states a characteristic which is not of deductive reasoning:

(1) The conclusion must be based on observation and experiment.

(2) The conclusion should be supported by the premise/premises.

(3) The conclusion must follow from the premise/premises necessarily.

(4) The argument may be valid or invalid.

Answer: (1)

 19. Men and woman may have different reproductive strategies but neither can be considered inferior or superior to the other, any more than a bird's wings can be considered superior or inferior to a fish's fins. What type of argument it is ?

(1) Biological

(2) Physiological

(3) Analogical

(4) Hypothetical

Answer: (3)

 20. Among the following propositions two are related in such a way that they cannot both be true but can both be false. Select the code that states those two propositions.

Propositions:

(a) Every student is attentive.

(b) Some students are attentive.

(c) Students are never attentive.

(d) Some students are not attentive.

Codes:

(1) (a) and (b)

(2) (a) and (c)

(3) (b) and (c)

(4) (c) and (d)

Answer: (2)

 21. Given below are two premises ((a) and (b)). From those two premises four conclusions (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) are drawn. Select the code that states the conclusions validly drawn from the premises (taking singly or jointly.)

Premises:

(a) Untouchability is a curse.

(b) All hot pans are untouchable.

Conclusions:

(i) All hot pans are curse.

(ii) Some untouchable things are hot pans.

(iii) All curses are untouchability.

(iv) Some curses are untouchability.

Codes:

(1) (i) and (ii)

(2) (ii) and (iii)

(3) (iii) and (iv)

(4) (ii) and (iv)

Answer: (4)

 22. If the statement 'None but the brave wins the race' is false which of the following statements can be claimed to be true?

Select the correct code:

(1) All brave persons win the race.

(2) Some persons who win the race are not brave.

(3) Some persons who win the race are brave.

(4) No person who wins the race is brave.

Answer: (2)

 23. If two standard form categorical propositions with the same subject and predicate are related in such a manner that if one is undetermined the other must be undetermined, what is their relation?

(1) Contrary

(2) Subcontrary

(3) Contradictory

(4) Sub-altern

Answer: (3)

 24. If two propositions are connected in such a way that they cannot both be false although they may both be true, then their relationship is called

(A) Contrary

(B) Subcontrary

(C) Contradictory

(D) Subalternation

Answer: (B)

 25. Which one among the following is not a characteristic of a deductive type of argument?

(A) The conclusion follows from the premise/premises necessarily.

(B) The argument admits degree of complexity.

(C) The argument provides us knowledge about matters of fact.

(D) The argument must be either valid or invalid.

Answer: (C)

 26. Select the code which states the condition of an invalid deductive argument:

(A) All the premises are true but the conclusion is false.

(B) Some of the premises are true but the conclusion is false.

(C) All the premises are false and the conclusion is also false.

(D) All the premises are true and the conclusion is also true.

Answer: (A)

 27. Given below are two premises, with four conclusions drawn from them (taking singly or together); which conclusions are validly drawn? Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Premises:

(i) All bats are mammals.

(ii) Birds are not bats.

Conclusions:

(a) Birds are not mammals.

(b) Bats are not birds.

(c) All mammals are bats.

(d) Some mammals are bats.

Codes:

(A) (a), (b) and (d)

(B) (b) and (d)

(C) (a) and (c)

(D) (b), (c) and (d)

Answer: (B)

 28. When a definition implies a proposal to use the definiendum to mean what is meant by the definiens it is called

(A) Lexical definition

(B) Stipulative definition

(C) Precising definition

(D) Persuasive definition

Answer: (B)

 29. Select the code which is not correct:

An analogical argument is strengthened by

(A) Increasing the number of entities.

(B) Increasing the number of similar respects.

(C) Reducing the claim made earlier stronger.

(D) Making the conclusion stronger when premises remain unchanged.

Answer: (D)

 30. Among the following propositions two are related in such a way that one is the denial of the other. Which are those propositions? Select the correct code:

Propositions:

(a) All women are equal to men

(b) Some women are equal to men

(c) Some women are not equal to men

(d) No women are equal to men

Codes:

(A) (a) and (b)

(B) (a) and (d)

(C) (c) and (d)

(D) (a) and (c)

Answer: (D)

 31. Select the code, which is not correct in the context of deductive argument with two premises:

(A) An argument with one true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion may be valid.

(B) An argument with two true premises and a false conclusion may be valid.

(C) An argument with one true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion may be valid.

(D) An argument with two false premises and a false conclusion may be valid.

Answer: (B)

 32. Given below two premise and four conclusions are drawn from them (taking singly or together). Select the code that states the conclusion validly drawn.

Premises: (i) All religious persons are emotional.

(ii) Ram is a religious person.

Conclusion: (a) Ram is emotional.

(b) All emotional persons are religious.

(c) Ram is not a non-religious person.

(d) Some religious persons are not emotional.

Codes:

(A) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

(B) (a) only

(C) (a) and (c) only

(D) (b) and (c) only

Answer: (C)

33 If the proposition ‘All thieves are poor’ is false, which of the following propositions can be claimed certainly to be true?

Propositions:

(A) Some thieves are poor.

(B) Some thieves are not poor.

(C) No thief is poor.

(D) No poor person is a thief.

Answer: (B)

 34. Consider the following statement and select the correct code stating the nature of the argument involved in it:

To suppose that the earth is the only populated world in the infinite space is as absurd as to assert that in an entire field of millet only one grain will grow.

(A) Astronomical

(B) Anthropological

(C) Deductive

(D) Analogical

Answer: (D)

35. Select the code, which is not correct about Venn diagram:

(A) Venn diagram represents propositions as well as classes.

(B) It can provide clear method of notation.

(C) It can be either valid or invalid.

(D) It can provide the direct method of testing the validity.

Answer: (C)

 36. "lf a large diamond is cut up into little bits it will lose its value just as an army is divided up into small units of soldiers. It loses its strength." The argument put above may be called as

(A) Analogical

(B) Deductive

(C) Statistical

(D) Casual

Answer: (A)

 37. Given below are some characteristics of logical argument. Select the code which expresses a characteristic which is not of inductive in character.

(A) The conclusion is claimed to follow from its premises.

(B) The conclusion is based on causal relation.

(C) The conclusion conclusively follows from its premises.

(D) The conclusion is based on observation and experiment

Answer: (C)

 38. If two propositions having the same subject and predicate terms can both be true but cannot both be false, the relation between those two propositions is called

(A) contradictory

(B) contrary

(C) subcontrary

(D) subaltern

Answer: (C)

 39. Given below are two premises and four conclusions drawn from those premises. Select the code that expresses conclusion drawn validly from the premises (separately or jointly).

Premises:

(a) All dogs are mammals.

(b) No cats are dogs.

Conclusions:

(i) No cats are mammals

(ii) Some cats are mammals.

(iii) No Dogs are cats

(iv) No dogs are non-mammals.

Codes:

(A) (i) only

(B) (i) and (ii)

(C) (iii) and (iv)

(D) (ii) and (iii)

Answer: (C)

 40. Direction for this question:

Given below are two statements (a) and (b) followed by two conclusions (i) and (ii). Considering the statements to be true, indicate which of the following conclusions logically follow from the given statements by selecting one of the four response alternatives given below the conclusion :

Statements:

(a) all businessmen are wealthy.

(b) all wealthy people are hard working.

Conclusions:

(i) All businessmen are hard working.

(ii) All hardly working people are not wealthy

(A) Only (i) follows

(B) Only (ii) follows

(C) Only (i) and (ii) follows

(D) Neither (i) nor (ii) follows

Answer: (A)

 41. Certainty is

(A) an objective fact

(B) emotionally satisfying

(C) logical

(D) ontological

Answer: (B)

 42. Deductive argument involves

(A) sufficient evidence

(B) critical thinking

(C) seeing logical relations

(D) repeated observation

Answer: (C)

 43. Inductive reasoning is based on or presupposes

(A) uniformity of nature

(B) God created the world

(C) unity of nature

(D) laws of nature

Answer: (A)

 44. To be critical, thinking must be

(A) practical

(B) socially relevant

(C) individually satisfying

(D) analytical

Answer: (B)

 45. Which of the following is an analogous statement?

(A) Man is like God

(B) God is great

(C) Gandhiji is the Father of the Nation

(D) Man is a rational being.

Answer: (A)

 46. In a deductive argument conclusion is:

(A) Summing up of the premises

(B) Not necessarily based on premises

(C) Entailed by the premises

(D) Additional to the premises

Answer: (C)

 47. 'No man are mortal' is contradictory of:

(A) Some man are mortal

(B) Some man are not mortal

(C) All men are mortal

(D) No mortal is man

Answer: (A)

 48. A deductive argument is valid if:

(A) premises are false and conclusion true

(B) premises are false and conclusion is also false

(C) premises are true and conclusion is false

(D) premises are true and conclusion is true

Answer: (D)

 49. Structure of logical argument is based on:

(A) Formal validity

(B) Material truth

(C) Linguistic expression

(D) Aptness of examples

Answer: (A)

 50. Logical reasoning is based on:

(A) Truth of involved propositions

(B) Valid relation among the involved propositions

(C) Employment of symbolic language

(D) Employment of ordinary language

Answer: (B)